National Standard Logistics terms of the people's Republic of China
Logistics is a traditional industry, but with the rapid development of economy and the continuous emergence of high-tech, it has been given a new, deeper connotation and new concept, which makes the logistics industry enter a new stage of vigorous development.
This standard is based on extensive investigation and research, absorbing and referring to the relevant information at home and abroad, collecting and determining 145 terms and their definitions which are basically mature in the field of logistics, aiming at standardizing the basic concepts in the development of China's current logistics industry, so as to meet the needs of the rapid development of logistics industry and international integration.
This standard is proposed and centralized by the State Administration of internal trade.
This standard is drafted by: logistics technical and Economic Committee of China Material Circulation Association, China Material Circulation Technology Development Association, Beijing University of technology and industry, Beijing Institute of materials, North Jiaotong University, Huazhong University of science and technology, Institute of material circulation technology of domestic trade bureau, Haifu development (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., China material storage and Transportation Corporation, and China foreign trade and transportation (Group) Corporation )Head office, China container holding company.
Main drafters of this standard: he Mingke, Wu Yue, Mu Weizhong, he Tiefu, Wang Yaoqiu, Wu Runtao, Zhang Ming, Liu Zhixue, Li Jidong, Liu Jianxin
1、 Scope
This standard defines the basic concept terms, logistics operation terms, logistics technical equipment and facilities terms, logistics management terms and their definitions in logistics activities.
This standard is applicable to information processing and exchange in logistics and related fields, as well as relevant regulations and documents.
2、 Reference standard
The provisions contained in the following standards constitute the provisions of this standard by reference in this standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated are valid. All standards will be revised. All parties using this standard shall explore the possibility of using the latest version of the following standards.
3、 Basic concepts and terms
Article: the material materials related to the flow of entities in economic activities.
Logistics: the physical flow process of goods from the place of supply to the place of receiving. According to the actual needs, the basic functions of transportation, storage, loading and unloading, handling, packaging, circulation processing, distribution and information processing are organically combined.
Logistics activity: the implementation and management process of logistics functions.
4 logistics operation: the specific operation activities to realize the logistics function.
Logistics module: the dimension standard of logistics facilities and equipment.
Logistics technology: the theory and method of natural science and social science, as well as facilities, equipment, devices and processes used in logistics activities.
Logistics cost: the monetary expression of materialized labor and living labor consumed in logistics activities.
Logistics management: the planning, organization, coordination and control of logistics activities in order to achieve the satisfactory service level of users with the lowest logistics cost.
Logistics center: a place or organization engaged in logistics activities. It should basically meet the following requirements:
(1) Mainly for social services;
(2) The function of logistics is perfect;
(3) Perfect information network;
(4) The radiation range is large;
(5) Small variety and large quantity;
(6) Strong storage and throughput capacity:
(7) Unified operation and management of logistics business.
Logistics network: a collection of interrelated organizations and facilities in the process of logistics.
Logistics information: the general term of knowledge, materials, images, data and documents reflecting the contents of various logistics activities.
Logistics enterprise: an economic organization engaged in logistics activities.
Logistics Documents: the general name of all documents, bills and vouchers used in the logistics process.
Logistics Alliance: a long-term alliance and cooperation between two or more economic organizations to achieve specific logistics goals.
Supply logistics: the physical flow of goods between suppliers and demanders when providing raw materials, spare parts or other goods for manufacturing enterprises.
Production logistics: the internal entity flow of production process, raw materials, work in process, semi-finished products, finished products, etc.
Distribution logistics: the physical flow of goods between the supplier and the demander when manufacturing enterprises and circulation enterprises sell goods.
Return logistics: the flow of substandard goods formed by the repair and return of substandard goods and the return of reusable packaging containers from the demander to the supplier.
Waste material logistics: the physical flow of goods formed by the collection, classification, processing, packaging, handling, storage, etc. of goods that have lost their original use value in economic activities and are distributed to special treatment places according to the actual needs.
Green logistics environment ecology: in the process of logistics, we can restrain the harm of logistics to the environment, at the same time, we can purify the logistics environment and make the best use of logistics resources.
Internal logistics: the flow of goods within an enterprise.
External logistics: the general term of logistics activities outside enterprises.
Military Logistics: logistics activities used to meet the needs of the army in peacetime and wartime.
International Logistics: logistics between different countries (regions).
Third part logistics (TPL): a business model in which logistics services are provided by logistics enterprises other than suppliers and demanders.
Customized logistics: a logistics service mode specially designed for users according to their specific requirements.
Virtual Logistics: it is a kind of logistics mode that uses computer network technology for logistics operation and management, and realizes the sharing and optimal allocation of logistics resources among enterprises.
Value added logistics service: Based on the completion of the basic functions of logistics, it provides various extended business activities according to the needs of customers.
Supply chain: in the process of production and circulation, it involves the upstream and downstream enterprises that provide products or services to the end users.
3O bar code: a code composed of a set of bars, blanks and characters arranged regularly to represent certain information. Synonym: barcode symbol
Electronic data interchange (EDI): through electronic means, using standardized formats, using computer networks for structured data transmission and exchange.
Tangible loss: visible or measurable physical loss or consumption.
Intangible loss: the depreciation of goods caused by the progress of science and technology.
4、 Logistics operation terms
Transportation: the logistics activity of transporting goods from one place to another with equipment and tools. It includes a series of operations such as goods collection, distribution, transportation, transfer, loading, unloading and dispersion.
Combined transportation: a transportation mode in which two or more transportation enterprises or more than two transportation modes are entrusted to deliver a batch of goods to the destination at one time.
Through transport: a mode of transportation in which goods are transported from the place of shipment to the place of receiving without changing or stopping at the place of storage.
Transfer transport: a transport mode in which the goods are transported from the place of production to the place of final use, landing and reloading more than once in the middle.
Drop and pull transport: a transport mode in which a trailer is towed to a destination by a tractor, and then a new trailer is used to transport the trailer to another destination.
Containerized transport: the transport of bare goods, bulk goods and small bulk goods into a certain specification of containerized unit by using containerization equipment or bundling method.
Container transport: a kind of freight transport mode that takes container as a unit to transport goods.
8 door to door: the carrier receives the goods in full container at the shipper's factory or warehouse, and is responsible for delivering the goods in full container at the consignee's factory or warehouse.
Full container load (FCL): a container is filled with goods of one shipper and one consignee.
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11 storage: protect, manage and store goods.
Safekeeping: the activity of keeping and controlling the quantity and quality of goods.
Article reserves: articles stored for use. There are current reserve, long-term reserve and strategic reserve.
Inventory: items in storage. In a broad sense, inventory also includes items in manufacturing and transportation status.
Cycle stock: under the normal business environment, the inventory established by an enterprise to meet its daily needs.
Safety stock: buffer stock prepared to prevent uncertain factors (such as a large number of sudden orders, sudden delay of delivery date, etc.).
Inventory cycle time: the average time from stock in to stock out within a certain range.
Lead time (or lead time): the time interval between the issue of an order and the receipt of goods.
Order processing cycle: the time interval between the receipt of the order and the delivery of the ordered goods.
Goodstack: in order to facilitate storage, loading, unloading and transportation, a batch of goods are stacked together according to certain requirements.
Stacking: the operation of stacking goods neatly and regularly.
Handling / carrying: the logistics operation of moving goods horizontally in the same place.
Loading and unloading: refers to the loading or unloading of goods into transport equipment by manpower or machinery at a designated place.
Unit loading and unloading: a loading and unloading method in which small or bulk articles are integrated into a certain weight or volume by means of pallets, containers or packages, so as to use machinery for operation.
Package / Packaging: the general name of containers, materials and auxiliary materials used according to certain technical methods to protect products, facilitate storage and transportation, and promote sales in the process of circulation. It also refers to the operation activities of applying certain technical methods in the process of using containers, materials and auxiliary materials to achieve the above purpose.
Sales package: also known as inner package, it is a package that directly contacts the goods and enters the retail outlets with the goods to meet the consumers or users directly.
Packaged brand: the buyer's practice of requiring the seller to use the brand name or trademark designated by the buyer on the export commodities / packages.
Neutral packaging: the packaging that does not indicate the country of production on the export commodities and their inner and outer packaging.
Transportation package: the main purpose is to meet the requirements of transportation and storage. It can ensure the safety of products, facilitate the storage, transportation, loading and unloading, accelerate the handover, inspection and other functions.
Palletizing: Taking the pallet as the carrier, the packages or products are stacked on the pallet and fixed by bundling, wrapping or gluing to form a handling unit for handling with mechanical equipment.
Containerization: the use of containerization tools or strapping methods to form standard specifications of the unit cargo, in order to speed up the loading and unloading, handling, storage, transportation and other logistics activities.
Bulk bulk: the bulk goods are transported, loaded and unloaded by special machines and tools. Within a certain logistics scope, they are not packaged, and fixed for a long time. They are loaded, unloaded, transported and stored by suction, grab and other machines and tools.
Direct transshipment crossdocking: in the process of logistics, goods are transferred directly from one means of transportation to another means of transportation without passing through the intermediate warehouse or station.
Distribution: in the economic and reasonable area, according to the user's requirements, the goods are selected, processed, packaged, divided, assembled and other operations, and delivered to the designated place on time.
Joint distribution: a distribution activity jointly organized and implemented by multiple enterprises.
Distribution center: a logistics place or organization engaged in distribution business. It should basically meet the following requirements:
(1) mainly for specific users;
(2) The distribution function is perfect;
(3) Perfect information network;
(4) The radiation range is small;
(5) Multi variety and small batch;
(6) Distribution is the main, storage is the secondary.
Sorting: the operation of classifying and stacking the articles according to the variety and the sequence of entering and leaving the warehouse.
Picking: according to the requirements of the order or delivery order, select the items from the storage place and place them in the designated place.
Goods collection: the collection of scattered or small quantities of goods for transportation and distribution.
Assemb1y: before delivery, organize and arrange the loading of goods according to the flow and direction of goods and the carrying capacity and volume of transportation tools.
Distribution processing: in the process of goods from the place of production to the place of use, simple operations such as packaging, segmentation, measurement, sorting, marking, labeling and assembly are applied according to the needs.
Cold chain: a logistics network equipped with special equipment to maintain the quality of fresh food and frozen food and keep them in a low temperature state from production to consumption.
Inspection: the general term for inspection and acceptance of the quality, quantity and packaging of the subject matter according to the contract or standard.
5、 Terminology of logistics technical equipment and facilities
Warehouse: the general name of the buildings and places where goods are kept and stored.
Storehouse: a closed building with a roof and enclosure for storing various goods.
Automatic warehouse: a warehouse that is managed and controlled by an electronic computer. It does not need manual handling, but realizes receiving and sending operations.
Stereoscopic warehouse: a warehouse that uses high-rise shelves with containers or pallets to store goods and uses tunnel Stacking Cranes and other machines to operate.
Virtual warehouse: a logistics facility for goods storage, storage and remote control based on computer and network communication technology. It can realize the effective scheduling and unified management of different states, space, time and cargo owners.
Bonded warehouse: a place approved by the customs and under the supervision of the customs, which is specially used for storing goods entering or transiting the country without going through customs formalities.
Export supervision warehouse: with the approval of the customs, under the supervision of the customs, it is a special warehouse for storing the goods that have obtained the export goods license or approval according to the regulations, purchased and settled the foreign exchange and completed all the export customs procedures with the customs.
Cargo under customs supervision: import, export, transit, transshipment and through transport cargo subject to customs inspection within the scope of Customs approval, as well as bonded cargo and other inbound and outbound cargo that have not yet completed customs procedures.
Chillspace: an area of a warehouse where the temperature is maintained between 0 ℃ and 10 ℃.
Freezespace: an area of a warehouse where the temperature is kept below 0 ℃.
Humiditycontrolled space: a warehouse area equipped with humidity modulation equipment to adjust the internal humidity.
Temperature controlled space: the warehouse area whose temperature can be adjusted within a certain range according to needs.
Receiving space: the area where the incoming goods are checked and prepared before entering the warehouse.
14 shipping space: the area where the goods are concentrated for shipment.
Good shed: a simple building for storing certain articles, usually without or only with partial enclosure.
Goodyard: an open space for storing certain items.
Goodshelf: a three-dimensional storage facility consisting of shelves, partitions or shelves.
Pallet: a horizontal platform device used for loading, stacking, handling and transportation of goods and products as a unit load.
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20 conveyor: a machine for continuous delivery of goods.
Automatic guided vehicle (AGV): a trackless transport vehicle that can automatically travel to a designated location.
Boxcar: in addition to all the mechanical properties of an ordinary car, it must also have a fully enclosed box body and a door for loading and unloading.
Container is a kind of transportation equipment. The following requirements shall be met:
A. It has enough strength and can be used repeatedly for a long time;
b. It is suitable for one or more modes of transportation. During transit, there is no need to change the cargo in the box
c. It has the device of fast loading and unloading and handling, which is especially convenient to transfer from one mode of transportation to another;
d. Easy to load and unload goods;
e. It has a volume of 1 cubic meter or more.
The term container does not include vehicles and general packaging.
Twenty four TEU: also known as TEU. Twenty foot container unit (TEU) is used as the conversion unit.
Special cargo container: a general term for containers used to transport special goods.
Full container ship: a ship with fixed or movable grill structure in the cabin and fastening devices for fixed containers on the hatch cover and deck, which is convenient for container operation and positioning.
Railway Container Yard: a place for container transportation, delivery, loading and unloading, stacking, loading and unloading, door-to-door operations, and organizing container trains.
28 highway container transfer station: it is a place for container transfer transportation, door-to-door transportation and container cargo unpacking, packing, warehousing and receiving, delivery, loading and unloading, and stacking.
Container freight station (CFS): the place where LCL cargo is unpacked, packed and handed over.
Container terminal: a terminal specially used for berthing container ships and loading and unloading containers.
International through railway transport: a coherent mode of transport in which a unified international railway transport bill is used, and the transnational railway carrier handles the whole journey of two or more countries' railways and undertakes the transportation responsibility.
International multimodal transport: according to the multimodal transport contract, the multimodal transport operator transports the goods from the place of taking over in one country to the designated place of delivery in another country by at least two different modes of transport.
Land bridge transport: a continuous transport mode that connects the ocean transport at both ends of the continent by using the transcontinental railway or highway as the intermediate bridge.
Liner transport: a water transport mode that sails on a fixed route, in a given port order, according to a pre announced shipping schedule.
Shipping by chartering: according to the agreement, the charterer charters the ship to the shipowner for the transportation of goods and pays the shipowner freight or rent at the agreed freight rate.
Shipping agency: according to the entrustment of the carrier, to handle the business activities related to the entry and exit of ships.
International freight forwarding agent: an economic organization that accepts the entrustment of the consignor and the consignor of import and export goods, handles international freight transportation and related business for the consignor in the name of the consignor or itself, and receives labor remuneration.
Tally tally: in cargo loading and unloading, count (count), measure, check incomplete, guide loading and stowage, check marks, check packaging, divide tickets, divide marks and on-site visa according to cargo transport bills.
International transportation insurance: in international trade, the insurance that takes the goods in international transportation as the subject matter of insurance to obtain compensation for property losses caused by natural disasters and accidents.
Customs declaration: the whole process in which the consignor and the consignee of import and export goods or their agents go through the entry and exit formalities with the customs.
Customs broker: an enterprise specialized in handling import and export customs declaration business.
Commodity inspection: Commodity Inspection for short. To determine the quality, specification, weight, quantity, packaging, safety performance, hygiene indicators, shipping technology and conditions of import and export commodities, and to carry out inspection and appraisal, so as to determine whether they are consistent with the trade contract and relevant standards, and whether they conform to the relevant laws and administrative regulations of the import and export countries.
6、 Logistics management terminology
Logistics strategy: in order to seek the sustainable development of logistics, it is a long-term and overall planning and strategy on the development goal of logistics and the ways and means to achieve the goal.
Logistics strategy management: the process of implementation and control of logistics organization according to the established logistics strategy.
Warehouse management: the activity of planning and controlling the inventory, warehouse facilities and their layout.
Warehouse layout: in a certain area or reservoir area, make scientific planning and overall design for the quantity, scale, geographical location, warehouse facilities, roads and other elements of the warehouse.
Inventory control: a technical and economic measure for effective management to minimize the quantity of goods in stock on the premise of ensuring supply.
Economic order quantity (EOQ): the optimal order quantity with the lowest total inventory cost can be achieved by balancing purchase cost and storage cost accounting.
Fixed quantity system (FQs): an inventory management mode in which orders are replenished according to the specified quantity (generally based on the economic order quantity) when the inventory quantity drops to the predetermined minimum inventory quantity (order point).
Fixed interval system (FIS): a kind of inventory management method that replenishes the order according to the predetermined order interval.
9abc classification management ABC classification: the inventory items are divided into three levels: particularly important Inventory (Class A), generally important Inventory (class B) and unimportant Inventory (Class C) according to the variety and the amount of funds occupied, and then managed and controlled according to different levels.
Electronic order system (e0s): a system in which different organizations exchange order operations and order information by means of online connection through communication networks and terminal equipment.
Just in time (JIT): under the premise of accurately measuring the operation efficiency of each production process, it is a management mode with the goal of accurately planning according to the order and eliminating all invalid operations and consumption.
Just in time logistics: a modern logistics mode based on JIT management concept.
Zero inventory technology: in the field of production and circulation, it organizes material supply according to JIT to minimize the inventory of the whole process.
Logistics cost control: the planning, coordination and control of logistics related expenses.
Material requirements planning (MRP): a material planning management mode in industrial manufacturing enterprises. According to the subordination and quantity relationship of the items at all levels of the product structure, each item is taken as the planning object, and the completion date is taken as the time benchmark to reverse the plan. The time sequence of each item is distinguished according to the lead time.
Manufacturing resource planning (MRP Ⅱ): from the overall optimal point of view, the use of scientific methods, a variety of manufacturing resources and enterprise production and operation of all aspects of the implementation of reasonable and effective planning, organization, control and coordination, not only to achieve continuous balanced production, but also to minimize the inventory of various items, and improve the enterprise economy Benefit management method.
Distribution requirements planning (DRP): a kind of planning method that can meet the market demand effectively and save the cost of logistics resource allocation. It is the application of MRP principle and method in goods distribution.
Distribution resource planning (DRP Ⅱ): a management mode of goods distribution planning system in enterprises. It is based on DRP to improve the logistics capacity of each link and achieve the purpose of optimizing the operation of the system.
Logistics resource planning (LRP): a method of optimizing the allocation of material resources, which takes logistics as the basic means, breaks the boundary between production and circulation, integrates manufacturing resource planning, capacity resource planning, distribution demand planning and function planning.
Enterprise resource planning (ERP): on the basis of MRP Ⅱ, through feedforward logistics and feedback information flow and capital flow, it integrates the customer's demand with the enterprise's internal production and operation activities as well as the supplier's resources, reflecting a brand-new management method of operation and management completely according to the user's demand.
Supply chain management (SCM): the use of computer network technology to comprehensively plan the business flow, logistics, information flow, capital flow in the supply chain, and carry out planning, organization, coordination and control.
Quick response (QR): faced with the buyer's market of many varieties and small batches, logistics enterprises do not reserve "products", but prepare various "elements". When users put forward requirements, they can extract "elements" as quickly as possible, assemble "elements" in time, and provide required services or products.
Effective customer response (ECR): Based on the principle of meeting customer requirements and minimizing the cost of logistics process, ECR is a supply chain management strategy that can make timely and accurate response and optimize the supply or service process.
Continuous replenishment program (CRP): a method to determine the quantity of goods sold by using timely and accurate sales point information, and determine the delivery replenishment quantity and delivery time according to the retailer's or wholesaler's inventory information and predetermined inventory replenishment procedures.
Computer aided ordering (Ca0): a computer-aided ordering management system based on inventory and customer demand information.
Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI): suppliers and other upstream enterprises manage and control the inventory of downstream customers based on the production, operation and inventory information of their downstream customers.
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